Informatics Publishing Limited

Shubhnandan S. Jamwal ¹, Rohit Gupta ¹, Nidhi Sambyal ²

Affiliations
1 PG Department of Computer Science & IT, University of Jammu, IN
2 Dept of Computer Science, Govt. Degree College (Boys), Udhampur, IN

Abstract

Governance is an exercise of power for steering social systems, as well as a method by which different institutions are directed, controlled, and held to account to their society. Now the government is more concerned in ensuring its overall direction, control, effectiveness, supervision and accountability. Therefore the government is now using more of ICT and other means to improve its performance. Ministry of Information Technology (MIT) plays a crucial role in facilitating e-governance by reinforcing knowledge based enterprises, encouraging coordination among users, adopting procedures based on international standards, promoting the internet and introducing IT education [1]. The policy-makers tend to justify the adoption and expansion of e-governance on the grounds that it costs less, reduces waste, promotes transparency, eliminates corruption, generates possibilities to resolve rural poverty and inequality, and guarantees a better future for citizens [2]. In the current study the four issues related to e-governance are studied in the J&K state and these are good governance, participation of citizens in decision making, grievance redressal and employment information. The current study reveals that 31.15%, 47.54%, 27.86% and 59.02% of the respondents believe that e-governance has contributed for the issues under consideration respectively.

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Ashok Chandrakar ¹, Bishesar Sahu ¹, Homendra Sahu ¹, Jagdish Dewangan ¹, Navin Kumar ¹, Rajat Singh ¹, Rohit Gupta ¹, Devesh Kumar ¹, Bhishm Sahu ¹, Kuldeep Dewangan ¹, Rishi Kaushal ¹, Mukta Agrawal ¹, D. K. Tripathi ¹, Ajazuddin ¹, Amit Alexander ¹

Affiliations
1 Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Kohka-Kurud Road, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh 490024, IN

Abstract

Ease of administration and painless approach made oral route the most preferred. Poor oral bioavailability is pronounced with the majority of recent active ingredients because of dissolution rate limited absorption. Failure to attain intended therapeutic effect of the poor water soluble drugs by this route led to development of novel drug delivery systems which will fulfill therapeutic needs with minimum dose. Although many formulation approaches like solid dispersions, complexation, pH modifications and lipid based delivery systems finding increased appliance with the apparent increase in absorption of drug. Among lipid based formulations, self-micro emulsifying formulations (droplet size < 100 nm) are evident to improve the oral bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs primarily due to their efficiency in facilitating solubilization and in presenting the hydrophobic drug in solubilized form whereby dissolution process can be circumvented. Various components that are used to formulate these dosage forms like surfactants and lipids contribute to the overall improvement in oral bioavailability via promoting the lymphatic transport; thereby hepatic first pass metabolism can be surmounted. The present article gives exhaustive information on the formulation design and characterization of SMEDDS by which the bioavailability can be improved. In this review article, the various aspects of pharmaceutical SMEDDS where compiled together and target audience are specifically the B.Pharm and M.Pharm students so that their knowledge towards the subject concern can be enhanced and also at the same time can be motivated towards the publication.

Keywords

SMEDDS, Solubilization, Emulsion, Stability, Surfactant.

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